Indonesia
A steel skyscraper highlights strength, efficiency, and design flexibility. With a primary framework made of a steel skeleton, vertical columns connected to horizontal beams on each floor, this structure is designed to efficiently bear heavy loads. Many buildings are also equipped with diagonal beams to enhance stability against lateral forces, such as wind and earthquakes.
Steel structures offer high load-bearing capacity with relatively light weight. This allows tall buildings to remain safe without compromising on design. Steel is also easy to shape, giving architects the freedom to create unique and attractive designs.
Another advantage of steel structures is time and cost efficiency. Steel accelerates the construction process, reduces labor requirements, and lowers overall costs. This material meets safety standards while offering economic benefits, making it the preferred choice for modern high-rise building construction.
In this article, we will explore the various structural systems commonly used in steel skyscrapers, from rigid frame systems to bundled-tube systems.
Daftar isi
1. Rigid Frame Systems
Rigid frame systems are structural systems used in steel skyscrapers due to their ability to resist both vertical loads and lateral forces. This system uses columns and beams connected rigidly to ensure that the angles between the components remain stable, even under external pressures such as wind and earthquakes.
In moment framing, the connections between the beams and columns are designed to be very rigid to maintain structural stability. In reinforced concrete buildings, the natural stiffness of the beams supports the optimal use of this system. Meanwhile, in steel buildings, the joints are modified to increase stiffness, ensuring that the connections remain strong.
Rigid frame systems offer design efficiency. This system allows for more open interior spaces without compromising the structural strength. As a result, buildings become more flexible to accommodate various design needs without sacrificing safety.
With high stability and efficient design, this system is an excellent choice for modern high-rise building construction.
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2. Braced Frame and Shear-Walled Frame Systems
Braced frame and shear-walled frame systems are designed to resist lateral forces, such as wind and earthquakes, while ensuring structural stability.
Braced frame systems use diagonal elements or bracing made of steel or reinforced concrete, strategically placed within the building’s framework. These elements form triangular patterns, effectively distributing external pressures, reducing deformation, and maintaining structural stability.
This system enhances the structural strength without adding excessive load to the framework. By positioning diagonal elements in specific areas, the interior layout remains flexible for various needs.
Shear-walled frame systems rely on vertical walls (shear walls) that absorb and distribute lateral forces to the building’s foundation. These walls are typically made of reinforced concrete or steel and are placed in strategic areas such as elevators or emergency stairwells.
The advantage of shear walls lies in their ability to withstand large lateral forces, making them an ideal solution for buildings located in areas prone to earthquakes or strong winds.
The combination of these two systems creates a strong and efficient structure. The lightweight braced frame paired with the sturdiness of shear walls results in tall buildings that are stable, safe, and cost-effective in both materials and construction time.
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3. Outrigger Systems
In steel skyscraper construction, outrigger systems play a crucial role in enhancing the stability and efficiency of tall buildings. These systems connect the building’s core to the perimeter columns through horizontal elements, such as trusses or walls, designed to evenly distribute lateral loads.
Outrigger systems work by transferring lateral forces, such as wind and seismic activity, from the core structure to the perimeter columns. This helps maintain the building’s stability by reducing pressure on any specific area. Additionally, the system effectively minimizes sway, ensuring a more comfortable experience for occupants.
One of the key advantages of outrigger systems is their efficiency in supporting a streamlined design without compromising safety. By optimally distributing loads, material requirements are minimized, which accelerates the construction process and reduces costs without sacrificing structural integrity. This system has become an essential element in building tall, stable, and efficient skyscrapers.
4. Framed-tube Systems
Framed-tube systems offer a structural design that is applied in steel, reinforced concrete, or composite construction, and is more efficient than column-frame or shear-wall systems, especially for very tall buildings.
In this system, columns connected to beams form a rigid and robust tube-like structure. Lateral loads, such as wind and seismic forces, are evenly distributed throughout the structure, reducing the need for additional supporting elements.
This allows for more open interior designs, maximizing space without compromising the building’s strength.
Additionally, framed-tube systems provide design flexibility, accelerate construction, and reduce material costs by minimizing the use of bracing and supporting walls.
This system efficiently handles large lateral forces, making it a preferred choice for high-rise construction.
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5. Braced-tube Systems
Braced-tube systems optimize stability and resistance for tall buildings. This system consists of columns and beams forming a tube-like structure reinforced with diagonal bracing on the exterior. These braces increase the building’s rigidity and help resist lateral forces, such as wind and seismic activity.
The main advantage of braced-tube systems is their ability to increase the spacing between columns, allowing buildings to reach greater heights. By using minimal diagonal bracing on each side of the tube, perimeter columns work together to support both vertical and horizontal loads, enhancing the structure’s rigidity and efficiency.
This system can be applied to various types of construction, including steel, reinforced concrete, and composite, making it a strong choice for skyscrapers requiring both stability and efficiency. Braced-tube systems allow for a sleeker and more flexible design, with wider column spacing, without compromising structural strength.
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6. Bundled-tube Systems
When a single tube is insufficient to support lateral loads in large buildings, bundled-tube systems combine multiple interconnected tubes to work together, effectively distributing the lateral load.
Each tube in this system shares the load evenly, enhancing the overall strength and rigidity of the structure. Bundled-tube systems also offer design flexibility, providing the freedom to create unique building shapes without compromising stability.
Applicable to steel, reinforced concrete, and composite construction, this system reduces the number of columns and other structural elements, creating more space for an open design. For supertall buildings requiring high load capacity and structural efficiency, bundled-tube systems can be an extremely effective solution.
